View source for ISAC (Isotope Separator and ACcelerator)

== ISAC beam intensities ==

A database of [http://www.triumf.info/facility/research_fac/yield.php representative radioactive ion beam yields] available at ISAC is maintained by the [[TRIUMF contacts#ISAC (Isotope Separator and ACcelerator)|ISAC Radioactive Ion Beam Development group]].  Unless otherwise noted, the quoted yields have been measured at the ISAC yield station.  Rates at experimental locations will be lower, especially for post-accelerated beams.
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The following documents have been prepared by the [[#ISAC (Isotope Separator and ACcelerator)|ISAC Radioactive Ion Beam Development group]].

[https://documents.triumf.ca/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-10848/RIB-List.pdf List of developed beams (PDF, 161 KB)]

[https://documents.triumf.ca/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-10850/RD&forRIB2007.pdf RIB development planned for 2007--2009 (PDF, 81 KB)] 

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The [http://www.triumf.info/facility/research_fac/yield.php ISAC Yield Measurements] database should be consulted for the measured intensities of available species.
All yields are measured at the ISAC Yield Station unless otherwise noted. 
As such, the intensity delivered to any given experimental facility will depend upon the beam transport efficiency and the stripping efficiency, if needed. 
'''Delivered yields will be lower, especially for post-accelerated beams.'''

Below is a table giving the approximate transmission to different experimental facility areas for given conditions.
The measured yield value should be multiplied by this factor to obtain an '''approximate''' value of what intensity may be expected at an
experiment facility. 

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Need the numbers for different areas and conditions (stripping, chopping, ...)
Do we mention that intensities drop over time (i.e. these should not be time-averaged expectations)?

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{| style="color:black;background-color:#D0DEE1;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|+ style="font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;" |Beam Transport Efficiency
! align="center" |Destination
!BTE(%)
|- align="center"
|Low-energy
|85

|- align="center"
|ISAC-I
|25

|- align="center"
|ISAC-II
|25

|}
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== About the accelerators ... ==

[[Image:RFQ.jpg|right|thumb|The ISAC-I RFQ, open.]]

In the ISAC facility we accelerate both radioactive beam produced by the [[:Image:Target.jpg|ISAC target stations]] and stable beam from an off line ion source ([[:Image:OLIS.jpg|OLIS]]). 
The first stage of acceleration in [[:Image:Accelerator.jpg|ISAC I]] happens in the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole). 
By design an RFQ has a well defined [[Radio frequency quadrupole|velocity profile]] where the final velocity is independent from the accelerated ion. ISAC RFQ is designed to accelerate particles of mass to charge ratio up to 30 from an energy of  2 keV/u to 150 keV/u. 
In order to improve the beam quality and transmission we bunch the beam injected into the RFQ by means of a prebuncher. 
The beam is bunched at the [[:Image:ISAC timing.jpg|third sub harmonic]] of the RFQ resonant frequency of 35.36 MHz. 
Bunching at 11.78 MHz means that the [[:Image:Time structure.jpg|time structure]] after the RFQ is characterized by a main bunch and two small satellites separated each other by 28.3 ns. 
An [[:Image:Chopper11.jpg|11 Mhz chopper]] located downstream of the RFQ can kick out of axis the two satellites cleaning the time structure so that only main bunches are present and separated by 84.8 ns. 
Furthermore the separation between main bunches can be increased from 84.8 ns to 169.7 ns using a second [[:Image:Chopper5.jpg|5 MHz chopper]] (in this case though half of the beam is lost). 
The RFQ can be also run without the prebuncher obtaining a time structure of equal populated bunches. Nevertheless this running mode lowers the RFQ transmission from 75% to 25% (see [[#Table 1 -- ISAC accelerator time structures|Table 1]], below).

[[Image:DTL.jpg|left|thumb|The ISAC-I DTL, with shielding removed for access.]]

After the RFQ the beam charge state is increased by means of a carbon stripping foil and then bunched in time before entering the downstream linac. 
The [[:Image:Charge.jpg|efficiency]] of the stripping depends on the accelerated ions, in general it varies between 30-50%. 
The second stage of acceleration is accomplished with a [[Drift tube linac|drift tube linac]] (DTL). 
A DTL is a more flexible machine where the final energy varies within a certain range of energies, depending on the machine design. 
ISAC DTL operating at 106.08 MHz is divided into eight modules (five accelerating structures and three bunchers)  that allow great flexibility on the final energies we can tune. 
The beam is “rebunched” in time at the DTL entrance by means of the [[:Image:MEBT rebuncher.jpg|MEBT rebuncher]]. 
The DTL accepts ions with mass to charge ratio between 2 and 6 and, depending on the ratio, it accelerates them from 150 keV/u to 1.9 MeV/u ([[#Table 2 -- ISAC-I energies|Table 2]]). 
The DTL transmits more than 85% of the incoming beam. 
The beam delivered to the ISAC I experimental stations can be further bunched in time from 4 ns to 1 ns, or in energy from 0.4% to less than 0.1%, by means of a buncher located downstream the DTL; in any case the longitudinal estimated emittance is 1.5 π keV/u ns. 
For example since the longitudinal emittance is the area of an ellipse in the longitudinal phase space (ns,keV/u) this means that for a bunch of 1 ns full width the energy spread is 6 keV/u. 

[[Image:SCLINAC.jpg|right|thumb|The ISAC-II superconducting linac.]]

The new [[:Image:ISAC II.jpg|ISAC II]] superconducting linac (SC-LINAC) can be considered the third acceleration stage of the ISAC facility. 
The ion beam at up to 1.5 MeV/u coming from the DTL is injected into the ISAC II linac. 
The linac is composed of forty superconducting quarter wave ([[:Image:QWR.jpg|QWR]]) cavities distributed in eight [[:Image:Cryomodule.jpg|cryomodules]]. 
Each cavity is independently phased and typically run, but not necessarily, at a maximum voltage of ~1 MV. 
In total the cavities can increase the voltage by upwards of 30 MV with a total gain of 40 MV expected once the second phase of the accelerator is fully commissioned.
This design provides great flexibility, ultimately allowing any energy between 0.15 MeV/u (drifting the beam from the RFQ with no bunching) and 16.5 MeV/u (21.5 MeV/u once commissioning is complete) for an ion with a mass-to-charge ratio of 2 
([[#Table 3 -- ISAC-II energies|Table 3]]). 
The superconducting linac serves experimental stations (some of them still under construction) located in the ISAC II experimental hall. 
In the future a superconducting buncher will be installed downstream of the superconducting linac in order to bunch the beam in time or energy at the ISAC II experimental station. 
At the present for beam energies requiring only a subset of cavities on, the last cavity in the linac can be used to reduce the energy spread.

For both ISAC I and ISAC II experimental stations the standard final spot is usually 2 mm wide, but dedicated optics solutions can be arranged in order to accommodate experiment requests. The measured normalized transverse emittance is 0.2 &pi; mm mrad.  The beam characteristics are summarized in [[#Table 4 -- Beam characteristics|Table 4]].

== ISAC accelerator specifications ==

The specifications listed below should be considered as starting points when beginning to plan experiments.  All values should be confirmed with TRIUMF's [[TRIUMF_contacts#ISAC|Beam Delivery]] group during the planning process and before requesting beamtime.

==== Table 1 &ndash; ISAC accelerator time structures ====
{| style="color:black;background-color:#eeeeee;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|+ style="font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;" |
! align="center" | RF frequency (MHz)
! Bunch separation (ns)
! RFQ/chopper transmission (%)
! Chopped
! Comments
|- align="center"
| 35.36
| 28.3
| 25
| No
| Equally populated bunches
|- align="center"
| 35.36
| 28.3
| 75
| No
| Two satellite bunches
|- align="center"
| 11.78
| 84.8
| 73
| Yes
| No satellite bunches
|- align="center"
| 5.89
| 169.7
| 37.5
| Yes
| No satellite bunches
|}

==== Table 2 &ndash; ISAC-I energies ====
{| style="color:black;background-color:#eeeeee;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|+ style="font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;" |
! align="center" |A/Q
!Minimum Energy (MeV/u)
!Maximum Energy (MeV/u)
|- align="center"
|2
| rowspan=5 |
0.15
|1.90
|- align="center"
|3
|1.79
|- align="center"
|4
|1.74
|- align="center"
|5
|1.64
|- align="center"
|6
|1.53
|}

==== Table 3 &ndash; ISAC-II energies ====
{| style="color:black;background-color:#eeeeee;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|+ style="font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;" |
! align="center" |A/Q
!Minimum Energy (MeV/u)
!Maximum Energy (MeV/u)
|- align="center"
|2
| rowspan=5 |
Drifting: 0.15 <br>
Bunched: ~0.6
|16.5
|- align="center"
|3
|11.5
|- align="center"
|4
|9.0
|- align="center"
|5
|7.5
|- align="center"
|6
|6.5
|}

==== Table 4 &ndash; Beam characteristics ====
{| style="color:black;background-color:#eeeeee;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|+ style="font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;" |
!align="right" | Beam standard transverse dimensions (at a focal point)
| 2 mm <!--- FWHM? RMS? -- ACM --->
|-
!align="right" | Normalized transverse emittance (measured)
| 2 &pi; mm mrad
|-
!align="right" | Normalized longitudinal emittance (measured)
| 1.5 keV/u ns
|-
!align="right" | Energy spread (FWHM) with no buncher
| 0.4%
|-
!align="right" | ISAC-I energy spread (FWHM) with buncher set for energy bunching
| 0.1% &rarr; 4 ns @ 1.5 MeV/u
|-
!align="right" | ISAC-I time spread (FWHM) with buncher set for time bunching
| 1 ns &rarr; 0.4% @ 1.5 MeV/u
|-
!align="right" | ISAC-II energy spread (FWHM)
| 0.2%
|-
!align="right" | Maximum beam current (due to space-charge effects)
| ~500 nA (electrical)
|}
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